Abstract: This cross-sectional study explores the mental health benefits of gardening among middle-aged and older adults in Brisbane, Australia. Using survey data from 4,919 participants aged 46–80, we investigate the associations between time spent gardening and mental wellbeing, measured by the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing scale, and life satisfaction. Stratified analyses further explore age-related differences in these associations. Results indicate that engaging in gardening for at least 150 minutes per week is linked with better mental health outcomes, with stronger effects observed in participants aged 64 years and older. These findings contribute to the growing evidence supporting the therapeutic value of gardening for mental health.
Introduction: The escalating prevalence of common mental disorders poses a significant public health challenge, exacerbated by the global health crisis and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this, cost-effective and scalable preventive approaches are crucial. Gardening has emerged as a potential avenue for promoting wellbeing, with qualitative research highlighting various motivations, including relaxation, physical activity, and social connection. Despite the increasing evidence on the wellbeing benefits of gardening, it remains largely overlooked in public health policy, even though private gardens constitute a substantial portion of urban greenspaces.
Gardening and Wellbeing: Gardening, defined as cultivating and caring for plants in a non-commercial setting, has been associated with various wellbeing outcomes, including improved sleep quality, reduced loneliness, and enhanced overall wellbeing. Recent research suggests that gardening may be particularly beneficial for older adults, contributing to healthy aging and increased quality of late life. However, there is limited understanding of the optimal dose of gardening for the best mental health outcomes.
Research Gap and Objectives: Despite a growing body of evidence, the potential of gardening in promoting mental health remains understudied, particularly in large samples. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the associations between time spent gardening and mental wellbeing among middle-aged and older adults in Brisbane, Australia. The investigation includes an exploration of whether the recommended dose of 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity gardening is associated with better psychological outcomes.
Methods: Sample and Procedure: The study utilized data from the How Areas in Brisbane Influence HealTh and AcTivity (HABITAT) longitudinal study, involving adults aged 40–65 years. The final sample included 4,919 participants, with an average age of 61 years, 57% of whom were women.
Results: Participants who spent at least 150 minutes per week gardening reported significantly better mental wellbeing and life satisfaction compared to non-gardening counterparts. Stratified analyses revealed that these positive effects were more pronounced in participants aged 64 years and older.
Discussion: This study adds valuable insights into the relationship between gardening and mental wellbeing, emphasizing the positive impact of spending 150 minutes or more per week in the garden. The findings highlight the potential of gardening as a cost-effective and scalable preventive approach to support mental health, particularly among older adults.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the mental health benefits of gardening. Engaging in gardening for at least 2.5 hours per week is associated with better mental wellbeing and life satisfaction, with older adults experiencing more pronounced benefits. These findings underscore the potential of gardening as a accessible and effective intervention to promote mental health and life satisfaction.
Author Contributions: The study was conceptualized by SLJ, JK, JLM, and TS. Data curation and analysis were led by GT, with formal analysis conducted by SLJ and MC. All authors contributed to the extensive reviewing and editing of the paper, with JK leading the review process.
Funding: The HABITAT study was funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
Declaration of Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors express gratitude to the HABITAT research team, Professor Gavin Turrell, and the community members who contributed to the study. Without their invaluable contributions, this research would not have been possible.
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